Valuation
How much investors pay for each dollar of a company's earnings.
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P/E adjusted for how fast earnings are actually growing.
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Share price compared to a company's net asset value.
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Share price compared to revenue — useful when there's no profit yet.
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A capital-structure-neutral way to compare valuations.
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The total market value of a company's shares.
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P/E calculated on next year's expected earnings instead of last year's.
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The theoretical total cost to acquire a company outright, debt included.
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What would be left for each share if the company sold everything and paid off every debt.
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Growth
Profitability
What's left of revenue after the direct cost of producing it.
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What's actually left for shareholders after every cost.
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Profit from core operations, before interest and tax.
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How efficiently a company turns shareholders' capital into profit.
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The cash a business actually generates, after reinvesting in itself.
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The slice of profit that belongs to each share of stock.
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How much profit a company generates for every dollar of capital it has deployed — debt and equity combined.
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The actual cash a business generates from running its operations, before any reinvestment.
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Operating earnings before the accounting decisions that vary most between companies.
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Risk & Leverage
How much a stock swings relative to the overall market.
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How much of the company is financed by debt versus owners' capital.
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Whether a company can cover its bills due within a year.
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How many times over a company can pay the interest on its debt from operating profit.
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A bankruptcy-risk score built from five balance-sheet and earnings ratios.
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A 9-point checklist that scores how strong a company's fundamentals are right now.
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A statistical flag for whether a company's earnings may be manipulated.
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How many years of cash earnings it would take to pay off all net debt.
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A stricter version of the current ratio that excludes inventory.
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Income
Technical Analysis
A candlestick where open and close are nearly equal — the chart's signal for indecision.
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A small body with a long lower wick that signals buyers defended a sharp intraday drop.
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The bearish mirror of a hammer — a long upper wick after a rally signals sellers took control.
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A candle with no wicks at all — maximum conviction from open to close.
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A small body with wicks on both sides — indecision, but milder than a doji.
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A two-candle pattern where a larger green candle completely overshadows the prior red one.
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A two-candle pattern where a larger red candle completely overshadows the prior green one.
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A small candle tucked entirely inside the body of the prior large red candle — selling losing steam.
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Two candles sharing almost the same low — a tested and defended price floor.
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The price floors and ceilings where buying or selling pressure has reliably shown up before.
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A line connecting a series of highs or lows that visualises the slope of a trend.
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The average closing price over a set lookback period, smoothing day-to-day noise into a trend line.
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When the 50-day moving average crosses above the 200-day — one of the most-watched bullish signals in the market.
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When the 50-day moving average crosses below the 200-day — the bearish mirror of the Golden Cross.
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A 0-to-100 momentum gauge that measures whether buying or selling pressure has been excessive.
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A trend-momentum indicator built from the gap between two moving averages, plus a signal line to time crossovers.
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Volatility bands around a moving average that widen and contract with how much price is actually moving.
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A three-peak reversal pattern where the middle peak is the highest and the third fails to match it.
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Two peaks (or troughs) at nearly the same price — a market failing to extend a trend twice in a row.
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A rounded basing pattern followed by a small pullback, then a breakout — a continuation, not a reversal.
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A flat support or resistance line meeting a sloped trendline — usually resolved with a breakout in the direction of the slope.
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A predetermined price at which you exit a trade because the original thesis has been invalidated.
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How much you stand to gain compared to how much you're risking on a single trade.
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Macro
The total value of everything a country's economy produces in a quarter or year — the broadest scoreboard for growth.
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The rate used to convert a future dollar of earnings into what it's worth today — the mathematical link between interest rates and stock prices.
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The extra return investors demand for owning stocks instead of risk-free government bonds.
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The monthly measure of how much prices for everyday goods and services have changed — the headline inflation number markets react to.
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The monthly count of new US jobs added (excluding farm work) — the primary gauge of the labour market the Fed watches.
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A monthly survey of the people who place company orders — one of the earliest, most forward-looking economic signals available.
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The spread between long-term and short-term government bond yields — when it inverts, it's historically the most reliable recession signal there is.
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The extra yield corporate bonds pay over government bonds — a real-time read on how worried the market is about defaults.
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US government bonds whose principal adjusts with inflation — the purest, most direct inflation hedge available.
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Tracks the US dollar against a basket of major currencies — a rising DXY is a headwind for commodities, emerging markets, and US multinational earnings.
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A number from −1 to +1 measuring how closely two assets move together — the foundation of whether diversification actually reduces risk.
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The curve of portfolios offering the highest possible return for each level of risk — the theoretical 'best you can do' line from Modern Portfolio Theory.
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